Application status and development prospect of sha

The application status and development prospect of mechanical shallow tillage and subsoiling cultivation technology

China is one of the major arid countries in the world, and the arid area accounts for 52.5% of the total cultivated area, which is mainly distributed in 16 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in the north For example, Heilongjiang Province has a cultivated area of 9.69 million Hm2, which is a typical dry farming province, with a dry area of 3.33 million Hm2 For many years, farmland drought, exposure and water and soil loss have been a problem: (L × W × H）1795 × one thousand × 1820mm agricultural development problems In the 1950s, China introduced mechanized farming technology from the former Soviet Union and formed a traditional continuous year tillage system Although this farming system has the characteristics of good land preparation effect, high operation efficiency and easy to seize the agricultural time, it has made great contributions to agricultural production and income However, it also brings problems such as high energy consumption, easy formation of plough bottom, destruction of soil structure and compaction of soil with machines and tools These problems are becoming increasingly serious and have attracted people's attention

1 concept and characteristics of mechanical shallow tillage and subsoiling cultivation technology

1.1 concept of shallow tillage and subsoiling cultivation technology

shallow tillage and subsoiling cultivation technology is a kind of less tillage method, and it is a new dry farming technology developed on the basis of the successful subsoiling method in Northeast China This kind of tillage method adopts the combination technology of subsoiling shovel and shallow ploughshare components. Through shallow ploughing and subsoiling, the subsoiling shovel is used for one-time joint operation. He said that the subsoiling shovel is used for deep scarification of the soil, so as to break the bottom layer of the plow and loosen the lower layer of the soil, which is conducive to the accumulation of rainwater and the planting of crop roots. At the same time, on the premise of not destroying the original layer of the soil, the shallow ploughshare is used to plough the shallow layer of the original stubble of the soil, It can create seedbed conditions that meet the needs of seed germination and crop seedling growth

1.2 main characteristics of mechanical shallow tillage and subsoiling cultivation technology

a. significant yield increase effect Mechanical shallow tillage and subsoiling tillage technology can deepen the plough layer, create seedbed conditions that meet the needs of seed germination and crop seedling growth, and create good soil conditions for the normal growth of crops This technology can make the subsoiling depth reach 30 ~ 35cm, which is 5 ~ 10cm deeper than the traditional moldboard ploughing technology Deep planting of crop roots can make crops fully absorb water and nutrients in the soil and promote the growth of crop stems and leaves It is determined that this technology can increase the yield of grain crops by 10% - 20% and root crops by 10% - 15% Its economic benefit is remarkable

b. strong capacity of water storage and moisture conservation Mechanical shallow ploughing and subsoiling tillage technology can establish a topsoil structure of up virtual and down solid, and significantly improve the water storage capacity of the soil In the rainy season, the upper virtual soil layer can quickly accept rainwater and store it in the soil below 30cm through the subsoiling layer, forming a soil reservoir and effectively preventing water and soil loss Because the shallow tillage and deep loosening method does not use the moldboard plough, and does not turn up the lower soil, it is conducive to preserving soil moisture and preventing wind erosion

c. low operation cost It is estimated that compared with the traditional tillage method, the fuel consumption of the mechanical shallow tillage and subsoiling tillage method is only 40% - 70% of that of the traditional tillage method. This alone can reduce the operation cost by 28 yuan per hectare

d. it is beneficial to protect the soil aggregate structure The traditional tillage method has many times of machinery entering the soil (tillage, harrowing, heaving, sowing, pressing, etc.), which has a certain destructive effect on the soil, while the mechanical shallow tillage and subsoiling tillage technology can reduce the number of operations, shallow tillage, and promote the agglomeration of soil structure

e. reduce labor, reduce costs, and increase by 7 Simple operation plus income Compared with traditional tillage, it can reduce 3 ~ 5 working procedures, and the man hour consumption is 30 ~ 50% of traditional tillage

2 main models of shallow plough subsoiling plough

2.1 suspended shallow plough subsoiling plough

suspended shallow plough subsoiling plough is based on suspended moldboard plough, and uses double wing chisel subsoiling shovel to replace the original moldboard plough body. Its structure is relatively simple and its applicability is strong The main representative models are: 1fsl435535 series shallow plough subsoiling plough The supporting power of this shallow turning subsoiling plough is a 48.0 ~ 88.2kw wheeled (or crawler) tractor. One operation can complete the shallow turning and deep loosening of the soil. Its working width is 140 ~ 175cm, the shallow turning depth is 14 ~ 16cm, the subsoiling depth is 30 ~ 35cm, and the productivity is 0.5 ~ 0.7hm2/h (1fsl435), 0.6 ~ 0.9hm2/h (1fsl535) At present, this model has been produced by many enterprises, and more than 2000 sets have been popularized and applied, which has contributed to the increase of production and income of mechanized dry farming However, there are also some problems, such as production cost, operation performance and operation efficiency, which need to be improved and improved

2.2 overturned two-way shallow tipping subsoiling plough

1lf435535635 series overturned two-way shallow tipping subsoiling plough is a high-tech innovative product developed and designed according to the characteristics of market demand and the problems of low production efficiency and high operation cost of existing models This series of ploughs can complete many operations such as subsoil deep loosening, shallow turning and stubble elimination at one time, and is suitable for wheat stubble, hemp stubble and grassland improvement deep loosening and shallow turning operations in dry farming areas in northern China This series of ploughs has obtained the national utility model patent and has been put into mass production Its core technology is the combination of double wing chisel subsoiling shovel and shallow turning parts, and the combination of hydraulic turning and subsoiling shallow turning This series of ploughs can be matched with 58.8 ~ 132.4kw tractors, with a working width of 140 ~ 210cm, a shallow turning depth of 14 ~ 16cm, a deep loosening depth of 30 ~ 35cm, and a productivity of 1.2 ~ 1.5hm2/h. its outstanding characteristics are high operation efficiency, strong soil crushing capacity, and no damage to the original soil layer. It can not only improve the fluffy degree of soil, but also enhance the ventilation and permeability of soil and the ability to store water and retain moisture. It is one of the ideal models at present

3 development prospect of supporting machines and tools for shallow tillage and subsoiling tillage technology at present, shallow tillage and subsoiling tillage technology has been accepted by more and more people. Therefore, there is an urgent need for such supporting machines and tools as shallow tillage and subsoiling plough with high efficiency, high efficiency, high quality, high degree of automation and low labor intensity For example, Heilongjiang Province has promoted shallow tillage and subsoiling cultivation technology of more than 1 million Hm2 and promoted shallow tillage and subsoiling cultivation technology of more than 13000 supporting machines and tools in 2004 In addition, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces and autonomous regions in the dry farming areas in northern China will have an area of 15.2 million Hm2 of shallow tillage and subsoiling tillage technology that can be promoted in the near future. There will also be a greater demand for the supporting machines and tools of shallow tillage and subsoiling tillage technology

4 the supporting machines and tools of shallow ploughing and subsoiling tillage technology should be continuously improved

4.1 further improve the working performance of machines and tools

at present, the shallow ploughing working parts of shallow ploughing and subsoiling ploughs are designed with small parameters, resulting in poor overturning performance and weak soil crushing capacity of the shallow ploughing working parts. We should increase the innovation of the shallow ploughing working parts in the future development to continuously improve the working performance of machines and tools

4.2 improve the level of product manufacturing process and working reliability

heavy workload, strong seasonality, and high requirements for the working reliability of machines and tools. Therefore, we should start with improving the level of product manufacturing process, improve and ensure the quality of the whole machine and working parts, ensure the working reliability of machines and tools, and better meet the market demand

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